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Numéro 91 - Octobre 2011

Impact des politiques de clusters sur les performances des entreprises.
Enseignements de l’expérience française

Florian Mayneris

91Le gouvernement wallon cherche à stimuler l’innovation et la compétitivité des entreprises wallonnes grâce à la politique des pôles de compétitivité prévue par le Plan Marshall et son prolongement, le Plan Marshall2.Vert. Grâce à des subventions accordées pour des projets de R&D impliquant à la fois des entreprises et des laboratoires de recherche, les pouvoirs publics cherchent à stimuler la recherche collaborative et à favoriser de la sorte les échanges et fertilisations croisées entre les différents agents régionaux de l’innovation.

La Wallonie emboîte ainsi le pas à de nombreux autres pays et régions. Les politiques de clusters sont en effet présentées aujourd’hui comme l’instrument incontournable du développement local et de la compétitivité des états. Pourtant, leur analyse révèle une très grande diversité qui laisse parfois douter de leur cohérence. L’évaluation des Systèmes Productifs Locaux (SPL) et des Pôles de compétitivité français illustre bien cette hétérogénéité. Alors que les SPL ont soutenu des entreprises appartenant à des secteurs et des régions en relatif déclin, les pôles de compétitivité regroupent au contraire les champions industriels français. En termes d’impact, la politique des SPL ne semble pas avoir stimulé la productivité, l’emploi ou les exportations des entreprises aidées. S’il est trop tôt pour dire quoi que ce soit des pôles de compétitivité, des travaux sur les clusters de biotechnologie allemands montrent en revanche un impact positif des aides publiques sur l’innovation des entreprises soutenues.

Le corollaire de ceci est qu’il est difficile d’avoir un discours normatif sur les politiques de clusters. Les politiques de clusters ne sont pas bonnes ou mauvaises en soi. Il y a en revanche des initiatives qui marchent et d’autres pas. L’évaluation permet d’identifier les succès et les échecs, mais fournit aussi un éclairage sur le dispositif lui-même de la politique, utile à son évolution et à son amélioration.

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