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Numéro 179 - Mai 2023

Mobilité sociale et populisme

Sergio Perelman, Pierre Pestieau

RE179Le sentiment de rejet et de mépris, l’absence de perspectives, la défiance à l’égard des institutions et du pouvoir, paradoxalement combinée avec une demande d’autorité, conduisent aux quatre coins du continent à des manifestations de colère sociale. Ces colères s’enclenchent à la suite de décisions politiques ou des catastrophes évitables. On citera l’accident ferroviaire en Grèce, les politiques restrictives des conservateurs anglais, la taxe carbone puis la réforme des retraites en France, la hausse soudaine du coût de la vie en Belgique et les flux migratoires en Italie.

Comment expliquer ces mouvements populistes dans des pays qui consacrent jusqu'à 30% de la richesse nationale à la protection sociale ? Ce numéro de Regards économiques avance l’hypothèse que nos États providence ont négligé la mobilité sociale. Faute de pouvoir rêver d’ascension sociale pour eux-mêmes et pour leurs enfants, de nombreux citoyens épousent des idées populistes et votent pour des partis extrêmes. Cette relation entre populisme et mobilité sociale s’observe avec plus ou moins d’intensité dans les 27 pays qui sont étudiés.

Que faire face à cette situation qui met en péril l’équilibre de nos démocraties ? Il convient d’agir à deux niveaux. D’abord, celui de l’éducation qui reste particulièrement inégalitaire, particulièrement en France et en Belgique. Donner à chacun les mêmes chances de s’éduquer devrait être une priorité. Ensuite, il y a le niveau du marché du travail qui demeure fermé à ceux qui n’appartiennent pas aux bons réseaux. Ici aussi il conviendrait de lutter contre les discriminations de tous genres et les barrières à l’entrée de certaines professions.

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