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Numéro 72 - Août 2009

Effets économiques d’une régularisation des sans-papiers en Belgique

couve verteL’accord gouvernemental du 19 juillet 2009 a défini les critères permettant la régularisation des demandeurs d’asile en Belgique (engagement dans une procédure juridique déraisonnablement longue, situation humanitaire urgente, prise en compte de la faculté d’intégration sociale et économique). Certaines prévisions font état d’environ 25.000 demandes qui devront être introduites entre le 15 septembre et le 15 décembre de cette année. La lenteur des décisions politiques traduit la difficulté de trancher dans cet épineux dossier des régularisations, une difficulté qui trouve partiellement son origine dans la méconnaissance de ses conséquences économiques et des préjugés qui en découlent. Que sait-on au juste de ces effets ? C’est la question abordée dans ce numéro de Regards économiques.

L’article commence par souligner que le débat sur les régularisations est qualitativement proche du débat général sur l’immigration légale. Bien qu’elle se différencie de la politique d’immigration légale et non sélective, une politique de régularisation ou d’amnistie engendre des coûts et des bénéfices de même nature, mais d’ampleur moindre, dans la mesure où les sans papiers participent déjà au marché du travail et bénéficient déjà de certaines prestations sociales. En outre, quand on considère une période de temps plus longue, les débats sur l’immigration légale et la régularisation se rejoignent : toute régularisation entraîne une migration connexe via le regroupement familial et les effets de réseaux.

Les effets de l’immigration et de la régularisation de travailleurs illégaux ont été davantage étudiés aux Etats-Unis qu’en Europe. Cette limite et la piètre connaissance des caractéristiques des populations séjournant illégalement sur le territoire belge rendent difficile une évaluation précise des effets de l’immigration et d’une régularisation sur la population résidente et sur l’économie belge. Les études internationales pointent toutefois en direction d’effets quantitativement faibles de l’immigration légale en matière d’emploi, de finances publiques et de salaire.

Les études qui ont analysé ensemble ces trois différents effets concluent que l’effet favorable sur les finances publiques domine l’effet négatif sur l’emploi et les salaires de sorte que toutes les générations et toutes les catégories de natifs ont modestement bénéficié de l’afflux migratoire (aux Etats-Unis et en France). Notre analyse démontre que les effets d’une régularisation sont de même nature mais d’ampleur moindre. Dans l’état actuel des connaissances, il est raisonnable de penser que la régularisation en Belgique n’entraînera que des effets mineurs sur le revenu net des travailleurs natifs.

Le seul véritable groupe à risque est celui des natifs les moins qualifiés. Ce sont eux qui pourraient subir des conséquences négatives sur le marché du travail, du moins dans un premier temps. Néanmoins, dans le cas où les sans papiers ont un taux d’emploi illégal important, ces conséquences sont vraisemblablement minimes, même à court terme. En outre, les effets éventuellement négatifs doivent aller en s’amenuisant au fur et à mesure que le temps passe et que les nouveaux arrivés se lancent dans des activités productives. Une manière d’accélérer cette transition est de promouvoir à bon escient la flexibilité du marché du travail et la mobilité des travailleurs.

Dans ce contexte, nombre d’opinions apparaissent guidées par des arguments essentiellement idéologiques et des clichés peu robustes, voire profondément inexacts. Le cliché selon lequel les sans papiers vont prendre le travail des natifs ne résiste pas aux études existantes. Celui qui voit dans l’immigré une sangsue vidant les caisses de la sécurité sociale est manifestement erroné; l’immigration a une contribution plutôt positive aux finances publiques, et cela d’autant plus que le flux migratoire permet de rajeunir en permanence la population.

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