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Numéro 75 - Novembre 2009

Au-delà du PIB : réconcilier ce qui compte et ce que l’on compte

75On le sait depuis toujours, le Produit intérieur brut (PIB) n’est pas un indicateur de bien-être ou de qualité de vie. C’est un agrégat monétaire qui évalue l’activité annuelle d’une nation sur des bases essentiellement marchandes. Toutefois, pendant des décennies, croissance du PIB et progrès des sociétés ont été largement assimilés, comme si la première était une condition nécessaire et suffisante à la réalisation du deuxième. Cette liaison est aujourd’hui amplement remise en cause.

De nombreux travaux ont mis en évidence un décrochage de la qualité de la vie en regard d’une croissance continue du PIB : stagnation des indicateurs subjectifs de satisfaction de vie; dégradation des indicateurs objectifs de santé sociale et de bien-être économique; et surtout, sonnette d’alarme des indicateurs environnementaux. Récemment, des initiatives de grande envergure (Forum mondiaux de l’OCDE) ou très médiatisées (Commission Stiglitz) ont explicitement posé la question d’un «Au-delà du PIB» : si cet indicateur, utilisé comme moteur des politiques économiques, nous égare, n’y a-t-il pas urgence à en changer ? Comme le résume joliment Paul Krugman, quel intérêt d’avoir de la croissance s’il n’y a plus de planète ? Alors, comment réconcilier ce qui compte (la préservation de la nature et nos valeurs humaines) et ce que l’on compte (les indicateurs à l’aide desquels on gouverne) ?

Les débats actuels sur ce sujet mettent en évidence trois impératifs :

  1. Mesurer des résultats plutôt qu’une production évaluée moné : les taux d’alphabétisation importent plus que les dépenses d’éducation sans prise en compte de leur efficacité; il n’y a pas lieu de valoriser deux fois des activités qui de facto se compensent (polluer et assainir, détruire et reconstruire, se rendre malade et se guérir). C’est une question de bon sens.
  2. Prendre en compte les patrimoines, dans leur diversité : on ne peut plus se contenter de valoriser les flux d’activité et de revenus (ce que fait le PIB) en ignorant les ponctions sur les stocks de richesse. La question se pose aujourd’hui avec acuité pour les ressources naturelles. Elle mérite d’être élargie à toutes les formes de richesse que nous avons reçues et : patrimoines culturels, sites et monuments, savoir accumulé. Il en va de notre responsabilité vis-à-vis des générations futures.
  3. Intégrer des questions de répartition : la croissance d’un revenu global peut être très inégalitaire. Un PIB par tête en hausse n’empêche pas certains revenus de baisser, ce qui crée dans la population le sentiment d’être trompé par les chiffres. Nos systèmes statistiques devraient aussi évaluer d’autres formes d’inégalité : accès à l’eau, à l’éducation; impact du réchauffement climatique. Equité et représentation démocratique sont ici en jeu.

Remplacer le PIB est un exercice complexe et digne du plus grand intérêt. La complexité n’est pas tant d’ordre statistique : de nombreux indicateurs alternatifs ont été pensés, sous-pesés, calculés, publiés. On peut en faire l’inventaire. La complexité de l’exercice provient surtout du bousculement implicite des valeurs sur lesquelles une ou deux générations se sont construites. Chaque indicateur recèle une vision singulière du progrès. La question sous-jacente au choix de l’un d’entre eux n’est pas anodine : dans quel monde voulons-nous vivre ? Pour cette raison, elle ne peut être confiée aux seuls experts mais relève du débat démocratique. Elle est passionnante, car elle nous donne l’occasion de repenser et de ré-affirmer nos finalités.

On aurait tort d’y voir une question réservée à quelques idéalistes, sous prétexte que la croissance du PIB est indispensable à la création d’emploi, à la survie des entreprises et à la santé des finances publiques. Les temps où toute croissance de l’activité et des revenus était bonne sont révolus. S’y accrocher est un combat d’arrière-garde. Aujourd’hui, l’urgence n’est plus d’élargir le gâteau mais de le cuisiner sans dégâts, d’améliorer sa qualité nutritive et de mieux le partager.

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